Palladium and iodine approaches to 1,3-dienes, heterocycles and carbocycles

A variety of highly-substituted 1,3-dienes and 1,3,5-trienes have been regio- and stereoselectively prepared by the palladium-catalyzed coupling of vinylic iodides, internal alkynes and organoboranes in moderate to good yields. The analogous three-component coupling of aryl halides, 1,3-dienes, and boronic acids provides a useful route to 3,6-disubstituted cyclohexenes. This method is a very concise and efficient way to synthesize these molecules, whose synthesis has previously required multi-step synthesis;A wide variety of substituted quinolines have been readily synthesized under mild reaction conditions by the 6-endo-dig electrophilic cyclization of N-(2-alkynyl)anilines by ICl, I2, Br2 and PhSeBr. The reaction affords 3-halogen-, selenium- and sulfur-containing, and 4-aryl-, alkyl- and vinylic quinolines in moderate to good yields. Quinolines bearing a hydrogen in the 3-position have been synthesized by the Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed ring closure of these same alkynylanilines;Substituted naphthalenes are readily prepared regioselectively under mild reaction conditions by the 6-endo-dig electrophilic cyclization of appropriate arene-containing propargylic alcohols with ICl, I2, Br2, NBS and PhSeBr. 3-Iodo-2-naphthols have also been prepared in excellent yields by the cyclization of analogous 1-aryl-3-alkyn-2-ones. This methodology has been successfully extended to the synthesis of substituted carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes and readily accommodates various functional groups;The electrophile-induced intramolecular ipso-cyclization of 4-methoxyaryl alkynes provides an efficient approach to various 3-halogen-substituted spirotrienones under very mild reaction conditions. Substituted spiro[4.5]trienones, 1-azaspiro[4.5]trienones, spiro[4.5]diones, 1-oxaspiro[4.5]diones, and 1-azaspiro[4.5]diones are all readily synthesized. ICl, I2 and Br2 are all effective electrophiles for this process;Arynes generated in situ from 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates and CsF undergo annulation by o-haloarenecarboxaldehydes in the presence of a Pd catalyst, providing a useful new method for the synthesis of fluoren-9-ones in good yields

A84: Factors Influencing Parents\u27 Intention to Involve Autistic Preschoolers in Outdoor Physical Activities

Purpose: Outdoor physical activities (OPA) can not only improve the physical fitness and health of autistic preschool children, but also provide an indispensable opportunity for their social learning and interaction. However, parents’ intentions of providing OPA for their autistic children are complex due to reasons such as potential risk. Theory of Planned Behavior（TPB）has conceptualized that attitude (AT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are influential factors of behavioral intention. Perceived risk and perceived usefulness are suggested to associate with one’s intention, therefore, the purpose of this study was to test an extended TPB model on parent’s intention of providing OPA among parents of autistic children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A convenient sample of parents of 301 autistic preschoolers (mean age = 3.45±1.10 years old; boys=219; girls = 68) were recruited. Parents reported to questionnaires assessing their AT, SN, PBC, and intention (Ajzen, 1991; Yang, 2017) as well as perceived risk and perceived usefulness of providing OPA for their autistic children (Davis et al., 1989; Yu, 2016). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS software was employed to investigate the extended TPB model by including perceived risk and perceived usefulness (exogenous variables) with AT, SN, PBC to synergistically predict intention (endogenous variable). Results: The results revealed that autistic preschooler parents’ perceived usefulness (p \u3c 0.01, f2= 0.087）had a significant and positive prediction on intention in addition to the significant contributions from AT (p \u3c 0.01, f2=0.053), SN (p \u3c 0.01, f2=0.047), and PBC (p \u3c 0.01, f2=0.060). However, perceived risk (p \u3c 0.01, f2= 0.070) had a significant and negative prediction on intention. Besides, perceived usefulness (p \u3c 0.01, f2= 0.108) was positively correlated with AT and AT partially mediated the association between perceived usefulness and intention (Variance Accounted For= 23.2%). In general, perceived usefulness, PBC, AT, SN and perceived risk had a high explanatory power to intention (R2=0.536). Conclusion: The extended TPB model demonstrated to be a useful framework to explain autistic preschooler parents’ intention of providing OPA for their autistic children. Perceived risk and perceived usefulness are critical to parents’ intention in addition to PBC, AT and SN, which should also be the targets of intervention in practice. This finding also suggests practitioners may help parents’ understand the usefulness of OPA to help autistic preschoolers’ parents form positive attitude of OPA, then boosting their intention to engage their autistic children in OPA